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Перевод: Amur

[имя собственное]
Амур [геогр.]

Тезаурус:

1. The exceptions were in four main areas: in the west during the first onslaughts when the khanate of Kuchum was being eliminated; in the far north-east against the Chukchis and Karnchatkan Itelmens (here Russian losses may not have been very severe, but the effects on the aboriginal population were catastrophic); in the south-east in the struggle with the Manchus for domination of the Amur, where the Russians were beaten; and finally in the south-west against the nomadic horsemen of the steppes who were a thorn in the Russians' flesh for over a century.
2. For Russia the prize was to command railway routes connecting, it was hoped, Calais to Calcutta or Amsterdam to the Amur.
3. There was talk of setting up a Jewish state in Abyssinia, the Russians offered the Amur basin, as long as the population of the new republic was limited to 100,000 and several Latin American countries declared an interest in farmers who had a start capital of at least 500.
4. At the farthest end of Russia's Inner Asian frontier, the Chinese, under the Ching (Manchu) dynasty, confronted the Russians on the Amur and put an end to their episodic marauding and colonizing activities around the fort of Albazin.
5. Russian expansion in the far East during the nineteenth century also involved the annexation of territory belonging to China, which lay in the Amur basin and the "Maritime" region between the Ussuri river and the Sea of Japan.
6. But before that stage was reached, the far-reaching social and economic changes brought about by the post-emancipation process of modernization, industrialization and the growth of capitalist relationships in Russia also found their idiosyncratic expression in Siberia, newly enlarged by the territory of the Amur and Ussuri regions which were incorporated into the empire at China's expense by the visionary efforts of the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia, N.N. Muravev-Amurskii (treaties of Aigun, 1858, and Pekin, 1860).
7. These are the Chukchis, Koryaks and Itelmens of the extreme north-east and the Kamchatka Peninsula, the Yukagirs who in the seventeenth century inhabited a very large territory between Chukotka and the lower Lena, the Ainu of southern Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands, the Nivkhs of the lower Amur and Sakhalin, and the Kets of the Yenisei.
8. The Chinese Eastern railway was completed in 1904, and the Amur railway was developed between 1908 and the First World War.
9. So why did Eleanor decide that this was the moment to precipitate a family crisis and begin what one contemporary poet called la guerre senz amur, the war without love?
10. But Siberia also encompasses the "little Switzerland" of the Gornyi Altai, a region of spectacular alpinesque beauty; it contains the verdant grasslands around Lake Baikal where for centuries nomadic pastoralists have grazed their flocks and herds; Lake Baikal itself, the deepest in the world and "the pearl of Siberia", is magnificent at any season and supports a micro-ecology with its own unique flora and fauna; from the Kamchatka peninsula towers Mount Klyuchevskii, the highest volcano in Eurasia, and there, too, is a hotbed of active, boiling springs and geysers; in the Vladivostok region on the Pacific coast grapevines are cultivated, and the jungles of the Amur and the Ussuri lowlands are still the stalking grounds of the great Siberian tiger.
11. Since the town was close to the Lena gold-fields and on the route to China and the Amur region, it was important.
12. By the beginning of the twentieth century the latter made up about 90 per cent of the population of the three western provinces, and between 60 and 85 per cent of Irkutsk, Transbaikal and Amur provinces, but in the enormous Yakutsk province and the far north-east it was still the non-Russian indigenous population which predominated, in a proportion of 13:1.
13. The Chukchis in particular had no social unit greater than the extended family, and social coherence was achieved by neighbour association and (as also among the Nivkhs of the Amur) by "group marriage", in which friends shared each other's wives.