b ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bk bl bm bn bo bp br bs bt bu bw bx by

Перевод: breakage

[существительное]
поломка ; авария ; ломка ; бой ; поломанные предметы; компенсация за поломку; отбойка ; измельчение; дробление; обрывность нитей

Тезаурус:

1. With the 8 mm clast sizes, exposed edges of bone began to become chipped within the first hour of abrasion and some loss of molars occurred (Fig. 1.10A), but once the weaker bone had been removed no further breakage occurred.
2. The pattern that emerges from these results on trampling is one of breakage of skulls, jaws and postcrania leading to complete absence of skulls, reduction in numbers of maxillae, considerable loss of teeth from the jaws leading to large numbers of isolated teeth, considerable breakage of larger postcranial elements and some degree of loss, but no loss or breakage of smaller elements.
3. Most of the breakage induced by trampling has been seen to be limited to the skull and mandible, with less breakage of the postcrania, while the breakage due to weathering is more limited still.
4. This also produces a high measure of breakage of the bones of their prey, although not as great as that of mammalian predators.
5. The major limb bones also showed signs of erosion, particularly of prominent ridges and crests, but breakage did not occur until very advanced stages of abrasion when the bone was worn right through across a prominence, and this only occurred after the bones were extensively rounded.
6. Most of the skulls and mandibles were still as complete as they left the pellet, with little loss of basal and occipital bone and slight breakage of the tip of the ascending ramus of the mandible.
7. It is clear from this discussion that transport of small mammal bone does indeed produce high levels of breakage, and that transported assemblages are difficult to interpret palaeoecologically.
8. Clearly, however, post-depositional breakage does occur, because the bones from fossil assemblages obviously accumulated by predators are consistently found to be more broken than the predator assemblages described here.
9. This was followed by perforation of the thin bone of the skull and mandible, and of such bones as the pelvis and scapula, and then by attrition of the edges of the teeth, but not breakage.
10. Another source of modification to bone that begins soon after death is dispersal and breakage by trampling.
11. At first sight, the lack of breakage of the bones described by Korth (1979) is surprising, for small mammal bones are very fragile, especially if they have already passed through the digestive system of a predator, as had some of his study bones.
12. A. vole premaxilla showing breakage of incisors (15); B. sutural separation between premaxilla and maxilla (15); C. occlusal cracking of vole molars (15); D. enlargement of cracking, which appears to start in the dentine and then causes separation of the inner enamel surface (75); E. slight chipping of enamel edge (225); F. longitudinal splitting of incisor enamel (15); G. slight modification of enamel surface of the incisor enamel (same specimen as F.) (75); H. enlargement of enamel modification, showing it to be caused by splitting and flaking rather than etching (375); I. femur head showing slight cracking (26); J. enlargement of cracking (75); K. splitting and cracking of tibia shaft (38); L. enlargement of tibia (75); M. splitting and depression of immature long bone shaft (15); N. enlargement of same (60).
13. In addition to the splitting there has occurred some penetration of very thin plates of bone such as occur on the scapula (Fig. 1.4N) and some breakage of the borders of such bone (the scapula illustrated here was not modified in any way before it was exposed for weathering).