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Перевод: caliphate

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халифат

Тезаурус:

1. A total of seventeen essays cover all aspects of the seven centuries of Islamic culture in Spain, from 711 until the expulsion of the Jews and Muslims in 1492 the history of the emirate, caliphate and Taifa periods, the building of the great mosque at Crdoba, and the Alhambra itself.
2. The way was now clear for the emergence of the Umayyad caliphate, with Damascus as its capital.
3. This act of slaughter in 680 led to the polarization of Islam between, on the one hand, the supporters of Ali and his descendants (through whom they asserted the legitimate succession to the Prophet to run) and, on the other hand, the Umayyad caliphate establishment.
4. The issue on which these tensions mainly centred was the succession to the caliphate.
5. By 750 the time had come for the caliphate itself to be transformed and for the Umayyad regime to be dislodged.
6. It attained its highest reputation during the caliphate of al-Ma'mun (813-;33), son of Harun-al-Rashid of Arabian Nights fame, and himself an astronomer.
7. The Sultan had since abdicated, the Caliphate had been abolished, the Dervish orders had been suppressed and most traditional ceremonies and pageantry had been done away with.
8. Finally, by a process which is not entirely clear, the Abbasid caliph al-Mutawakkil is said to have transferred to Sultan Selim and his heirs all rights to the caliphate.
9. Instead, he negotiated an unofficial treaty which made Saragossa subject to Castile and Leon, and established the Caliphate as a virtual protectorate of Alfonso's kingdom.
10. However, his great energy and militaristic abilities enabled him to extend his sway deep into Moorish territory - in particular the Caliphate of Valencia.
11. Latvian tombs, hoards of treasure found in Estonia, jewellery, statuettes and household articles discovered in Poland, together with objects from the Byzantine and Islamic worlds illustrate how this people of warriors and merchants expanded eastward as far as the Caliphate of Baghdad, while excavations in "Norman" territory (at Downham in Norfolk and in the vicinity of Rouen) provide proof of Norse expansionism in another direction.
12. But we must hurry north, pausing only to observe that the most dramatic survivor from the early Middle Ages, and perhaps the greatest of all the cities of Europe in the tenth and eleventh centuries, was Cordoba, then in its heyday under the caliphate and its first Indian summer.
13. At the time of Charles taking his crown, the Saracens were ruled by Abd ar-Rahman the Ommeyad, who had declared his own state independent of the main Abbaside caliphate in 755.