r ra rb rc rd re rf rg rh ri rj rk rl rm rn ro rp rr rs rt ru rv rw ry rz

Перевод: ramus

ответвление

Тезаурус:

1. A. complete; B. broken ascending ramus; C. ascending ramus missing; D. ascending ramus missing and inferior border broken.
2. The whole of the top of the ramus may be broken (Fig. 3.14 E) or completely missing (Fig. 3.14 G-H).
3. Top, mandible with destruction of the ascending ramus and abundant algal growth along the inferior border of the mandible; middle right, premaxilla with decay and splitting of bone and splitting of incisors; middle left, a second premaxilla with more advanced decay leading to destruction of the bone surface; bottom left, the same specimen showing loss of alveolar bone; bottom right, palate showing loss of angles of teeth, chipping and breakage of the molars.
4. A. premaxilla of adult vole showing splitting and breakage of the incisors (11); B. enlargement of the tips of the incisors (38); C. further enlargement showing the mesial borders of the broken right incisor (on the left) and of the cracked left incisor (on the right), both showing advanced splitting and flaking of the surface enamel (cf Fig. 1.4H) (112); D. occlusal surface of vole molar (75); E. enlargement of portion of the tooth to show very extensive chipping of both enamel and dentine surfaces (188); F. lower incisor in mandible (22); G. extensive splitting and flaking of mandibular ramus of vole mandible (20); H. extensive splitting and flaking of inferior angle of the mandible (52).
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7. A. insectivore mandible (20); B. broken tip of ascending ramus of insectivore mandible (75); C. femur head with impact damage on edge of articular surface with a crack extending from it (75); D. abraded edge of greater trochanter (38); E. femur and pelvis (11); F. broken end of femur shaft with little evidence of rounding (75); G. broken end of pelvis with crack extending down from uneven break but little evidence of rounding (75); H. two distal humerus fragments (12).
8. Most of the skulls and mandibles were still as complete as they left the pellet, with little loss of basal and occipital bone and slight breakage of the tip of the ascending ramus of the mandible.
9. A. Percentages of complete mandibles (Table 3.7 column 6) plotted against percentages of complete skulls (Table 3.5 column 4); B. Percentages of mandibles with ascending ramus missing (Table 3. 7 column 7) plotted against percentages of maxillae with zygomatic process broken and missing (Table 3.5 column 7 reciprocal); C. percentage incisor loss from mandibles (Table 3.8 column 6) plotted against incisor loss from maxillae (Table 3.6 column 6).
10. In many of the predator assemblages described here, the mandibles of small mammal prey species are frequently intact, here defined as having all the bone of the mandibular body and ramus present for each half mandible, but lacking some or all of the teeth (Fig. 3.12).
11. The ascending ramus and incisor alveolus of the mandible were also broken after one event, with the subsequent separation of the incisor from the mandible.